Micah B. Warren a , Raphael Orélis-Ribeiro a , Carlos F. Ruiz a , Binh T. Dang b , Cova R. Arias c , Stephen A. Bullard a, ⁎
a. Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, & Aquatic Sciences and Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
b. Nha Trang University, Department of Biology, Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, 02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang, Vietnam
c. Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, & Aquatic Sciences and Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, 559 Duvall Drive, Auburn, AL 36832, United States
ABSTRACT
We herein diagnose blood fluke (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infections in sea cage-reared cobia (Rachycentron canadum) from Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, using morphology, nucleotide sequences, scanning electron microscopy, and histopathology. This is the first report of this blood fluke beyond the Gulf of Mexico and contributes to our understanding of the disease implications of aporocotylid infections among marine aquacultured fishes. Blood flukes were morphologically identified as Psettarium cf. anthicum by having the combination of an extremely elongate body with rows of straight, ventrolateral tegumental spines and a sinistral posterolateral protuberance, an H-shaped intestine with asymmetrical posterior ceca, a lobed ovary, an ootype posterior to the male genital pore, and an extensively convoluted uterus located between the ovary and ootype. A comparison of the large sub-unit ribosomal DNA (28S), small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S), and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) derived from blood flukes infecting cobias in Nha Trang Bay and Gulf of Mexico revealed 5 (99.5% similarity in 28S), 3 (99.8%, 18S), and 12 (98.9%, ITS2) nucleotide differences between the geographic isolates. Adult blood flukes pierced the endocardium and penetrated the spongy myocardium or lesioned endocardium of the cobias from Nha Trang Bay. The associated heart lesion comprised fibro-granulomatous endocarditis with accompanying endocardial thrombi, including focal effacement of the endocardium adjacent to thrombi, hyperplasia of endocar-
dial cells yielding a thickened endocardium within which adult flukes resided or fluke remnants were located, clusters of large epitheliod granulomas within thrombi and within the basal endocardium, and minute granulo-mas in spongy myocardium enclosing probable blood fluke eggs. These pathological alterations suggested that heavily-infected cobia may suffer reduced cardiac output via thrombi blocking normal blood flow and emboli causing infarcts. Acute mortality may be likely for heavily-infected cobias during periods of high cardiac output, e.g., during feeding in a sea cage, if concomitant with, or resulting in, circulation of emboli. The lesioned endocar- dium may reduce efficiency of respiratory gas exchange to cardiac myocytes as well as impair endocardial cell
immune function.
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